F⃗_{g} = −mg k̂

\begin{aligned}x(t) & = x_{0} + V_{0} cos(θ)t \\ y(t) & = y_{0} + V_{0} sin(θ)t − \frac{1}{2}gt^{2} \end{aligned}

\begin{aligned}y(t) & = y_{0} − V_{0} cos(θ)t \\ z(t) & = z_{0} + V_{0} sin(θ)t − \frac{1}{2}gt^{2} \end{aligned}

F⃗_{d} = −\frac{1}{2}C_{D}ρAv^{2} \frac{v⃗}{|v|}

F⃗_{M} = \frac{1}{2}C_{L}ρAv^{2} (ω̂ × v̂)

ω̂  v̂

S = \frac{v_{r}}{v_{t}} = \frac{Rω}{v_{t}}