Q_{scatter} = \frac{8}{3} (\frac{2πa}{λ})^{4} [\frac{n^{2} − 1}{n^{2} + 1}]^{2}

energy absorbed per second = Q_{abs} εc (πa^{2})

Q_{abs} ≃ 0.8 (\frac{a}{0.1 μm})^{0.85}

energy radiated per second = Q_{emit} (4πa^{2}) σT^{4}

Q_{emit} ≃ 3.2 × 10^{−4} (\frac{a}{0.1 μm}) [\frac{T}{20 K}]^{2}

(1 − albedo) F (πR^{2}) = (emissivity) (4πR^{2}) σT^{4}

0.8 (\frac{a}{0.1 μm})^{0.85} (10^{−13} c) (πa^{2}) = 3.2 × 10^{−4} (\frac{a}{0.1 μm}) [\frac{T}{20 K}]^{2} (4πa^{2}) σT^{4}

L = (Area) σT^{4} = (4πr^{2}) σT^{4}