Estimate the age of the Gemstone Cluster

Astronomers find a beautiful open cluster of stars in the midst of the Milky Way. It contains a mixture of hot, whitish stars and cooler, orange stars. One romantic scientist sees in it a treasure of diamonds and topazes, and gives it the name "The Gemstone Cluster."

Your job is to estimate the properties of this cluster using its HR diagram as a guide. Other astronomers have already measured the B and V magnitudes of stars in the area, all the way down to stars of magnitude 16.5 or so (about as faint as we can measure well with our telescopes here at RIT).

download the magnitudes of stars in the area

The datafile has one line per star, like this:

  17.66    16.82 
  17.38    16.45 
  17.95    16.97

The first column is the star's B-band magnitude, and the second column is the star's V-band magnitude. You can calculate the (B-V) color of each star from these numbers. By plotting the V-band magnitude on the vertical axis, and (B-V) color on the horizontal axis, you can make your own HR diagram.

Make an HR diagram of the cluster, with a horizontal axis running from -0.2 to 2.2 and a vertical axis running from 17 to 10. Be sure to label your axes.
Print out onto paper your HR diagram. The diagram should fill most of the paper -- I don't want to see all the data crammed into a tiny region at the very center.
Mark in pen or pencil on the paper
- the main sequence
- the turnoff point
- the red giant branch
Warning: you may see some points which lie far from the places you might expect, or scatter in all directions. Those are stars which aren't really members of the cluster, but just happen to lie in the same general direction, either in front of or behind the cluster. Try to ignore them and pay attention only to the main features on your graph.
What is the (B-V) color at the main-sequence turnoff point? What is the V-band magnitude at the main-sequence turnoff point?
Get data on models of stellar evolution from one of the two following sources:
- Use Lionel Siess' stellar model WWW form
```
    http://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/activites/starevol/FILES/iso.html
   
```
  to create models of an HR diagram for stars of metallicity z=0.03 and ages ranging from 50 million (5.0d7) to 5 billion (5.0d9) years. For each age,
  - save the output data table
  - delete all entries from the table which have the "flag" field set to 1 (because those stars have died)
  Or, if the Siess web site is down,
- Take data from these files, which are based on models made by the Padua stellar evolution group. The data were published in B. Salasnich, L. Girardi, A. Weiss, C. Chiosi, 2000, A&A 361, 1023.
make an HR diagram for models of each age, using the "B-V" column on the horizontal axis and the "Mv" column on the vertical axis; you don't need to print out this diagram
note the (B-V) color and the "Mv" magnitude of the main-sequence turnoff point in this diagram; be sure to write these down together with the age in a neat table
based on the (B-V) color of the turnoff point, what is the age of the Gemstone Cluster? How massive are the stars which are just running out of hydrogen in their cores?

If you want to show your brilliance, use the difference between the observed (apparent) V-band magnitude of the turnoff point and the theoretical (absolute) V-band magnitude of the turnoff point to estimate the distance modulus and the distance to the cluster. You might read the manual to the CLEA Pleiades exercise.