1. new column I = (starC1-sky) / (starC2-sky) these are ratios of intensities 2. convert to differences of instrumental magnitudes new col delta_m = 25 - 2.5*log10(I) 3. calibrate to create real magnitudes pick one reference star look up its magnitude in a catalog find the offset offset = (real mag) - (instr mag) subtract that offset from ALL instrument mags suppose in image 48, star C2 has instr. mag 14.50 in catalog, star C2 has mag V = 13.45 -> offset = 13.45 - 14.50 = -1.05 then add -1.05 from all instr. mag in image 48